The impact of safety nets on technology adoption: a difference‐in‐differences analysis

This article contributes to a growing body of empirical literature relating credit constraints and incomplete insurance to investment decisions. We use panel data from rural Ethiopia to investigate whether participation in a safety net program enhances fertilizer adoption. Using a difference‐in‐differences estimator and inverse propensity score weighting, we find that participation in Ethiopia's food‐for‐work (FFW) program increased fertilizer adoption in the short run, but not in the long run. Results also indicate that the intensity of fertilizer usage increased with livestock holdings for FFW‐participant households, providing some evidence that the intervention helped asset‐rich farm households more than asset‐poor households. We find no significant effects of free distribution on fertilizer adoption or intensification. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that safety nets can be viewed as mechanisms that allow households to take on more risk to pursue higher profits. The results highlight the importance of safety net programs, their effectiveness in ensuring farmers that they will be protected against uninsured shocks, and how that assurance can translate into productivity‐enhancing behavior.     

高职院校思政课教学有效性研究——教学情景设计研究

长期以来,高职院校思想政治理论课教学一直面临一种尴尬的境地:一方面,学生对课程本身存在偏见和抵触,另一方面,课堂以教师为主体,学生被动地听,这种教学忽视了学生的自主学习和探究,使学生缺少独立思考的时间和空间,因而教学效果差。而情景教学法能较好地激发学生学习兴趣、发挥其主体性,因此,情景教学法成为职教院校思想政治课教学方法改革的重要内容之一。本文结合教学实践,从教学内容,教学开展方式等方面阐述了情景教学法在高职思政课教学中的应用。     

沈阳文化创意产业发展前景研究

文化创意产业是经济发展方式转变、产业结构优化升级的重要增长点。作为老工业基地,沈阳具有丰富的工业和文化资源,但文创产业缺乏核心竞争力。文章分析了文化创意产业的实质,总结了沈阳文化创意产业发展的现状,从政府、产业角度提出未来发展的对策建议。     

陕北地区土地利用及景观格局变化对生态服务价值的影响*——基于退耕还林（草）背景

［目的］通过揭示退耕还林（草）工程背景下陕北地区近25年生态系统服务价值的演变规律，旨在为陕北地区的土地利用规划及新一轮退耕还林（草）政策的推进提供参考。［方法］以生态环境脆弱的陕北地区为研究对象，基于1990年、2000年、2015年3期的土地利用变化数据，以退耕还林（草）政策的实施为节点，利用土地转移矩阵、景观格局指数、生态服务价值损益表等方法对陕北地区的土地利用情况、景观格局演变以及生态服务价值的变化进行分析，借助相关性系数对土地利用类型、景观格局及生态服务价值之间的关系进行了定量研究。［结果］（1）草地、耕地和林地是陕北地区最主要的土地利用类型，耕地面积减少，林草地面积持续增加且增速加快。（2）近25年，陕北地区景观格局的连接性和通达性降低，景观格局主要呈破碎化发展趋势。研究区各景观类型的破碎化程度增大，空间异质性增加，草地是该地区的优势景观类型。（3）陕北地区1990年、2000年和2015年各类生态系统提供的总生态服务价值分别为38919亿元、39431亿元和40622亿元，退耕还林（草）前年均增长率为1396%，退耕还林（草）后这一比率增加至5622%。［结论］受退耕还林（草）政策的影响，陕北地区土地利用类型和土地景观格局的变化均对生态系统服务价值有显著的影响，但是不同的景观指数对生态系统服务价值的影响程度和趋势不同，水域和林草地面积对生态系统服务价值呈正相关，未利用地和城乡建设用地面积对生态系统服务价值呈负相关。     

Quantifying and understanding land cover changes by large and small oil palm expansion regimes in the Peruvian Amazon

With rapid increases in global food demand and production, oil palm expansion constitutes a major emerging challenge for forest conservation in Amazonia and other tropical forest regions. This threat is evident in the Peruvian Amazon, where local and national incentives for oil palm cultivation along with growing large-scale investments translate into accelerated oil palm expansion. Environmental sustainability of oil palm cultivation in the Peruvian Amazon is contingent on policy incentives for expansion onto already-cleared lands instead of biodiverse, high carbon primary rainforests. Previous research indicates that while industrial plantations use less land area than local smallholders, companies have a higher tendency to expand into primary rainforests. However, the motivations behind these differing expansion scenarios remain unclear. In this study we combine data from optical and radar satellite sensors with training information, field discussions, and review of public documents to examine the policy incentives and spatial patterns associated with oil palm expansion by smallholders and industries in one of Peru’s most rapidly changing Amazonian landscapes: the Ucayali region of the city of Pucallpa. Based on our satellite-based land cover change analysis, we found that between 2010 and 2016, smallholders utilized 21,070 ha more land area for oil palm than industries but industrial expansion occurred predominantly in old growth forests (70%) in contrast to degraded lands for smallholders (56%). Our analysis of national policies related to oil palm expansion reveal policy loopholes associated with Peru’s “best land use” classification system that allow for standing forests to undergo large-scale agricultural development with little government oversight. We conclude that both sectors will need careful, real-time monitoring and government engagement to reduce old-growth forest loss and develop successful strategies for mitigating future environmental impacts of oil palm expansion.     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望——土地资源、利用与规划分报告

研究目的：总结2018年国内外土地资源、利用与规划领域的研究进展，展望2019年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2018年国内研究侧重于土地资源资产、土地生态状况评估、土地利用视角下的碳排放、土地利用及其评价、国土空间规划、村级土地利用规划等方面；国外研究主要集中在土地资源配置与保护、土地生态、土地利用变化与可持续性、土地利用规划实践与应用等方面。研究结论：2018年土地资源、利用与规划研究在基础理论层面探索了国土空间规划体系的重构，深入分析了空间规划、国土空间用途管制与自然资源监管的关系，进一步明确国土空间开发保护制度的科学内涵，构建土地利用研究的框架体系；在实践层面探讨自然资源资产负债表编制中土地资源的核算方法，深化乡村振兴、多规合一视角下的村级土地利用规划研究，提出国土空间规划体系建立的构想。2019年的重点研究方向为：构建国土空间规划体系、加强土地资源理论研究、探索自然资源资产负债表和村规划编制研究、深化节约集约用地和农村土地利用问题研究等方面。     

Rural development and the role of game farming in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

The analysis of game farming is set in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Game farming reorders the use, meaning and value of land and animal species. However, what it means for rural development processes in the immediate region and beyond is not well accounted for. We perceive game farming as an assemblage that brings together new actors, new forms of land use and new discourses. We argue that although game farming has generated new opportunities and new forms of added value to the available resources (e.g. eco-tourism, trophy hunting, game-meat production), situated in the history and contemporary context of the Eastern Cape, it is a contested, and from a development point of view, problematic land-use practice. We argue that game farming constrains land and agrarian reforms: the distribution of land and income remains skewed; ‘poaching’ occurs and game farms do not, or only minimally, generate new and badly needed employment opportunities. The game farm has emerged as an exclusive, globally well-connected space. The nature of the relationships this space maintains with the surrounding communities is, however, such that the overall contribution to rural development in South Africa is questionable.     

基于耦合协调度模型的南京市用水效率与经济发展关系

基于2007—2014年南京市用水效率与经济发展的时间序列数据,构建南京市用水效率系统与经济发展系统间的耦合协调度模型,探讨南京市在2007—2014年期间用水效率与经济发展之间的动态均衡关系。首先对用水效率系统和经济发展系统的综合状况进行评价,然后对两系统的耦合协调度进行定量分析。结果表明:2007—2014年南京市用水效率和经济发展水平都有大幅度增长;两者的耦合协调关系在波动中逐渐优化,2007年处于低度协调耦合阶段,2008年处于中度协调耦合阶段,2009—2014年处于高度耦合协调阶段;只有提高用水效率与经济发展并举,才能保持耦合协调度的增长趋势。最后针对用水效率系统和经济发展系统存在的不足,提出在用水效率方面优化用水结构、加强水质污染治理,经济发展方面则调整经济结构、增强经济活力等建议。     

“Been-heres vs. come-heres” and other identities and ideologies along the rural–urban interface: A comparative case study in Calaveras County,California

The rural–urban interface is the place of transition between that which we call “urban” and that which we call “rural.” The interface is situated between two places perceived to be different, but which are indelibly linked. Although the functional differences between “rural” and “urban” people (or those seen as “been-heres” versus “come-heres”) seem to be diminishing, differing perspectives and preferences persist along the rural–urban edge. Such differences influence the way that land users, decision makers, and the community manage the environment and react to landscape change. Using a comparative case study in Calaveras County, California, I examine the differences and similarities between “been-heres” and “come-heres” along several lines: basic demographic characteristics, political party affiliations and ideologies, and conceptions of private property rights, concluding that the dichotomy is false but instructive. The been-here/come-here divide, rather than being a definitive means for characterizing stakeholders or predicting their behavior or perspectives, serves as a heuristic for understanding the starting places of certain actors. Furthermore, this kind of analysis reveals not only where and how people and perspectives contrast but also the ways that they converge. Improving our understandings differing people and perspectives is especially important as decision-makers struggle to plan for and manage livable places and sustainable environments among groups with varying preferences which may sometimes conflict.     

昆曲艺术创意推广研究

作为首批被列入“人类口头与非物质遗产代表作”的昆曲，在21世纪初又一次焕发出青春活力，受到国内外各界广泛观注。如何保护和推广昆曲这份瑰丽的遗产并使之回归到大众的生活中，是非物质文化遗产保护的重大课题之一。以昆曲艺术的文化内涵和社会使命为出发点，探讨如何以提升人们的欣赏水平、审美趣味、生活品质为目标，通过传统与现代的融合来推广昆曲。